PACIFIC POLYMER FEDERATION NEWSLETTER No.1 October,1989

Co-Editors:G.S. Ki'rshenbaum and K. Hatada  Assistant Editor: J.C.Vogl                                

 

Otto Vogl, (Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY, U.S.A.), President, Takeo Saegusa, (Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan), Vice President, James H. O'Donnell, (University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia), Deputy Vice President, Joseph C. Salamone, (University of Lowell, Lowell, MA, U.S.A.), Secretary/Treasurer

 

Members of the Council: Akihiro Abe (Tokyo, Japan), David J.T. Hill (Brisbane, Australia), Ramlee Karim (Kuala Lampur, Malaysia), Chung Yup Kim (Seoul, Korea), Martin Navratil (Mississauga, Canada) Renyuan Qian (Beijing, China).

 

President's Message: Otto Vogl

THE PACIFIC POLYMER FEDERATION (PPF) was founded in October 1987 in Tokyo, Japan: it has now been in exis­tence for two years.  During this period the organization has started to function smoothly; several committees have been created; the most active committee initially was the Mem­bership Committee which was responsible for the approach to and contact of potential new members for the organization.

 

During the last year, several polymer oriented organiza­tions of the Pacific Basin have applied for membership in the PPF. At the Council Meeting in August of 1988 in Kyoto, Japan, the Marcromolecular Science and Engineering Divi­sion, Chemical Institute of Canada; The Society of Polymer Science, Korea; the Polymer and Industrial Section, Malay­sian Institute of Chemistry were admitted as new members. At the Council Meeting in Brisbane, Australia in February 1989, the Polymer Group, New Zealand Institute of Chem­istry was admitted as a new member of the PPF. The Polymer Division, Chinese Chemical Society is now also a new member of PPF. The Polymer Society of Singapore and the Division of High Polymers, American Physical Society have also shown interest in joining PPF.

 

The most important activity of the PPF this year is the First Pacific Polymer Conference (PPC-1) which will be held at the Royal Lahaina Resort in Maui, Hawaii, December 12-15, 1989.  It is the first Conference organized by PPF. The Conference Program will consist of 5 Key Note Speakers, 35 Invited Lecturers and 250 Con­tributed Papers, presented in Oral and Poster form.  It is expected that about 500 scientists will participate in the Conference.

 

Maui, Hawaii was selected as the site of PPC-1 by the Council of PPF be­cause of its geographical situation, its natural beauty and peaceful atmosphere. We believe these favorable con­ditions will promote the interaction of scientists, both in­dustrial and academic, and will present the opportunity for them to meet with each other harmoniously, establish scientific cooperation and lasting friendships.

                                                  

Member Organizations of PPF

Founding Members:

The Society of Polymer Science, Japan;

The Division of Polymer Chemistry, American Chemical Society;

The Polymer Division, The Royal Australian Chemical Institute.

Members:

Macromolecular Science and Engineering Division, Chemical Institute of Canada;

The Society of Polymer Science, Korea;

Polymer and Industrial Section, Malaysian Institute of Chemistry;

The Polymer Group, New Zealand Institute of Chemistry;

Polymer Division, Chinese Chemical Society.

 

Committees of PPF

Membership: J.H. O'Donnell, Chairman, T. Saegusa, Ramlee Karim                        Information: G.S. Kirshenbaum, Chairman, K. Hatada, G.A. George, J.C. Vogl, T. Takahiko

Publication: B.C. Anderson, Y. Imanishi, Co-Chairmen, A. Logathetis, J.C. Vogl,                                                 

Finance:  O. Vogl, Chairman, J. Nottke, Y. Furuyama.

First Pacific Polymer Conference: O. Vogl, Chairman, T. Saegusa, Vice-Chairman, J.H. O'Donnell, Vice-Chairman

PPC-1 Organizing Committee: J.C. Salamone, Chairman, A. Abe, D.J.T. Hill, B.C. Anderson, J.C. Vogl, S.C. Israel, A. Logathetis, J.C. Vogl, T. Takahiko.

 

The Pacific Polymer Federation gratefully acknowledges the generous contributions in support of the PPF of:

E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Ford Motor Company, Exxon Chemical Company, Himont Incorporated, Merck & Co., Inc., BASF Corporation, Hoechst Celanese Research Division, The Proctor & Gamble Company, Rohm and Haas Company, Polaroid Corporation, The Dow Chemical Company, Allied Signal, PPG Industries, Inc.,General Electric Company, Amoco Corporation,

International Business Machines

 

THE PACIFIC POLYMER FEDERATION

The Constitution of the Pacific Polymer Federation was signed on October 19, 1987 in Tokyo, Japan at the Inter­national House in Roppongi, Tokyo by the Chairman of the Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc. S,R. Eby, and the Chair­man of the Foreign Affairs Committee, O. Vogl; by the President of the Society of Polymer Science Japan, M. Takayanagi; Chairman and Vice President for International Affairs, A. Abe.  For the Polymer Division of the Royal Aus­tralian Institute of Chemistry, Chairman D.J.T. Hill and Chair­man of the International Committee J.H. O'Donnell signed the Constitution.

 

PPF was created as an organization to ad­vance and benefit polymer science and technology in the Pacific Basin; it has as its objectives to encourage and facili­tate: i.) Interaction between polymer organizations of the Pacific Basin; and ii.) Exchange of scientific knowledge, by participation in national meetings, and by visits of polymer scientists of the Pacific.  The membership of PPF is open to all societies and associations of scientists and engineers which have at least part of their activities devoted to polymer science and/or technology.

 

The duly appointed Council met in the afternoon of October 19, 1987 in Tokyo for its so-called "zero" meeting. O. Vogl was elected the first President of PPF, T. Saegusa, Vice President, J.H. O'Donnell, Deputy Vice President and J.C. Salamone Secretary/Treasurer.  The President was charged to set up PPF, and particularly, to organize the First Pacific Polymer Conference (PPC-1) in Decem­ber 1989 in Maui, Hawaii.

 

It was very gratifying to see a regional organization involving the Polymer Scientists of the Pacific region come into being. Polymer Science is presently one of the fastest growing scientific and technological disciplines and the Pacific Basin is the fastest growing region scientifically, technologically and economically in the world today.  It was only logical, that the organizations of the region found a mechanism of cooperation and also found a mechanism of facilitating the interaction of individual scientists. In the last year of interaction between the organizations and the Council members, representing the organizations, a great deal has been accomplished which promises that the ori­ginal concept, the dream of a smoothly functioning regional cooperation in polymer science can be established.

 

The establishment of PPF had started with discussions of Saegusa, O'Donnell and Vogl at a meeting in Hawaii in December 1984; at that time the concept of a regional scientific organization was conceived.  It was de­cided to explore with the parent organizations (which be­came the Founding Members) to determine if it were possible to devise a Constitution which could incorporate all the interests of the polymer oriented organizations of the Pacific Basin.  Much of the individual writing was done prior to and during the U.S.-Japan Seminar in October 1985, and at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan in May 1986, at which time all parties were present.  In New York, in September 1987 and at the Annual Meeting of the Polymer Division of the Australian Institute of Chemistry in February 1987 the details of the Constitu­tion and the subsequent understandings were worked out and final agreement to establish the Pacific Polymer Federa­tion was reached.  All these negotiations were done before the benefits of Fax machines were available and much thought went into the preparation of the document.  At the same time, the organizations and individuals involved in the negotiations had time to realize how important the development of PPF was for Polymer Science and for the interests of polymer oriented organizations and individuals of the Pacific region.

 

PPF has already become a healthy organ­ization and I am convinced that it will grow during my term as President and during the term of my successors to an essential part of science and technology in the Pacific region.

 

Council Meetings

 

The first Council Meeting of PPF was held in Kyoto on Saturday, July 31, 1988.  It was attended by the 6 Councillors of PPF, Vogl, Saegusa, O'Donnell, Salamone, Hill and Abe.  Also present were T. Takahiko and Jane C. Vogl representing the Business Offices of the SPSJ and the Divi­sion of Polymer Chemistry.  At the meeting of the Council in Tokyo of 1987, which constituted the formation of PPF one of the most important tasks was to form a Federation truly representing the Pacific region.  O'Don­nell was appointed chairman of the Membership Commit­tee. Key organizations in the Pacific region were contacted by O'Donnell and Vogl, an application form was designed and by the first Council meeting in Kyoto, 3 applications were on hand that could be handled by the Council.  The Macromolecular Science and Engineering Division of the Chemical Insti­tute of Canada, the Society of Polymer Science of Korea and the Malaysian Polymer Division were admitted and were invited to provide the Councillor for their admission date, January 1989.

 

During the Council Meeting other important decisions were made; an Information Committee, a Finance Commit­tee, and a Publication Committee were established.  The Information Committee was charged to prepare a Newsletter in early 1989, the Publication Committee to be responsible for the Pacific Polymer Preprints, the publication of the Maui Meeting.  The President had started a fundraising campaign to support the operation of PPF and to have funds available for the pre­paration of the First Pacific Polymer Conference (PPC-1) in Maui.

 

The Secretary/Treasurer was made responsible for the incorporaiton of PPF and the establishment of an independent tax-free status of PPF, as PPF Inc.. As the Chairman of the Organizing Committee, he set in mo­tion all the necessary activities in connection with PPC-1 in Maui.  Selection of the Hotel in Maui for PPC-1 was agreed on, as were the contract with the Hotel, the fee structure, time schedule and preparation of a First Circular; the effect of the First Flyer was discussed.  Most of these respon­sibilities are in the hands of Jane C. Vogl, the Coordinator and Manager of the Maui Conference.

 

The second Meeting of the Council of the PPF was held near Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, February 3­5,1989.  The time was selected after the Annual Meeting of the Polymer Division of the Royal Australian Institute of Chemistry at Griffith University in Brisbane.  Present were Vogl, Saegusa, O'Donnell, Salamone, Abe, Hill and rep­resenting the new Members of the PPF, Karim from Malaysia, Edmonds from New Zealand and Chang (for Noh) from Korea.  The most important decision of the Council Meeting was the admittance of China (based on an application by Qian Renyuan, the head of the Polymer Divi­sion of the Chinese Chemical Society into the PPF).

 

Much of the meeting was concerned with the organiza­tion of the Maui meeting: the arrangement of the Invited Speakers, nearly 150 contributed Papers and 100 Posters, and the Session Chairmen. It was considered essential, that the time schedule for the preparation of the meeting be rigorously followed.  The Meeting will be held at the Royal Lahaina Resort in Maui and is expected to attract at least 400 participants.  Vogl announced that Mrs. Glenn Ullyot (Bar­bara Hodsdon) was engaged to handle the registration in the U.S. for the Maui Meeting.

 

In addition it was agreed that some wording in the Con­stitution might have to be clarified and O'Donnell was charged to look into the matter.  It was also found desirable to establish a separate committee with the responsibility to disseminate information of polymer activities, new devel­opment in polymer education etc. within the Pacific region.

 

Although the next formal Meeting of the Council of the PPF will be in Maui, December 1989, the Presi­dent was authorized to call meetings that consist only of part of the Council members, when convenient, especially if it can be done in connection with an International meet­ing and in a country that has recently joined the PPF, June 1989 in Seoul, Korea and July 1990 in Montreal, Canada have been considered possible occasions.

 

MEET YOUR REPRESENTATIVES

Otto Vogl

Herman F. Mark Professor of Polymer Science, Polytechnic University

BORN: November 6, 1927 in Traiskirchen, Austria.

EDUCATION: Univer­sity of Vienna, Ph.D. 1950. University of Jena, Dr. Sci., honoris causa 1983.

ACADEMY MEMBERSHIPS: Academy of Sciences of Austria, 1985; Academy of Sciences of the GDR, 1983.

POSITIONS HELD: instructor, University of Vienna, 1948-1953; Research Associate, University of Michigan, 1953­1955; Priceton University, 1955-1956; Research Chemist, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 1956-1970; Professor of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 1970-1982; Herman F. Mark Professor of Polymer Science, Polytechnic University, 1983-.

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: President, Pacific Polymer Federation 1987-; Chairman, Committee on Mac­romolecular Science, National Academy of Sciences, 1978­1982; Chairman, ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry, 1974, Chairman, Foreign Affairs Committee, 1974-; General Secretary, Macromolecular Secretariat, 1976; Chairman, Gordon Conference on Polymers, 1981.

HONORS: AIC Chemical Pioneer Award; ACS Award in Applied Polymer Chemistry; Distinguished Service Award, ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry; Alexander von Humboldt Prize; Senior Scientist Award, SPS Japan; Medal of Honor in Gold from the City of Vienna, Austria; Exner Medal, Austrian Trade Association; Mark Medal of the Austrian Plastics Institute; Medals of the City of Jassy, and various Universities.

EDITOR AND EDITORIAL BOARDS: Editor, Progress in Polymer Science, Editorial Boards of several scientific journals.

PUBLICATIONS: About 350 papers and about 40 U.S. and foreign patents, editor of 8 books.

RESEARCH INTERESTS: Polymer Synthesis and Charac­terization: Aldehyde polymerizatin, helical polymers and optical activity based on macromolecular asymmetry, con­figurational and conformational control in m acromolecular synthesis, functional polymer and spacer effects in mac­romolecular structures.

 

Takeo Saegusa

Professor, Kyoto University

BORN: October 18, 1927 in Senyan, China

EDUCATION: Kyoto University; Undergraduate, 1947-1950; Graduate, 1950-1955; Ph.D., 1956.

POSITIONS HELD:

Kyoto University; Assis­tant Professor, 1957­-1962; Associate Professor, 1962-1965; Full Professor (Department of Synthetic Chemistry) 1965-; University Council Member 1982-1984.

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: IUPAC, Macromolecular

Division: Titular Member, 1979-; Vice President, 1981­-1984; President, 1985-1989; Pacific Polymer Federation, Vice President, 1987-; The Society of Polymer Science, Japan; Vice President, 1980-1984; President, 1984-1986,

GOVERNMENT POSITION: Member of the Science Council, Japan (Appointed by the Prime Minister), 1985--

HONORS: Award of Society of Kinki Chemical Industries 1963.  The G. Stafford Whitby Memorial Lecture, Akron, U.S.A. 1977. The Chemical Society of Japan Award, 1978.  Toray Science and Technology Prize, 1979. Award of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan, 1989.

EDITOR AND EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBER: Polymer Bulletin, Editor; Editorial Board of several scientific journals.

PUBLICATIONS: about 450

RESEARCH INTERESTS: Polymer Synthesis: New polymerization reactions, new catalysts, functional poly­mers.  Organic Synthesis: New synthetic reactions by metal complex catalysts.

 

James H. O'Donnell

Professor of Physical Chemistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane

BORN: 1934 in Perth, Western Australia

EDUCATION: Univer­sity of Western Australia BSc. 1954; University of Leeds; Ph.D. 1963, University of Leeds, DSc. 1986.

POSITIONS HELD: Development and Research Chemist, ICI Australia, 1955-58; Lecturer - Pro­fessor of Physical Chemistry, University of Queensland, 1964-;

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES; Chairman, Polymer Divi­sion, Royal Australian Chemical Institute; Chairman, National Chemistry Week Committee, Royal Australian Chemical Institute; National President, Royal Australian Chemical Institute; Committee Member - New Materials Committee of the Australian Government; Deputy Vice President, Pacific Polymer Federation, 1987-;

EDITORIAL BOARDS: Member of the Editorial Advisory Board of a number of scientific journals.

HONORS: Battaerd Jordan Polymer Medal (RACI); H.G. Smith Medal; (RACI) Royal Society of Chemistry Lecturer in Australia.

RESEARCH INTERESTS: Mechanisms of free radical polymerization and copolymerization, solid state polymerization, NMR characterization of polymer and copolymer structure, ESR of radical reactions in polymers, and degradation of polymers by high energy radiation.

 

Joseph C. Salamone

Professor of Chemistry and Distinguished Research Fellow, University of Lowell

BORN: 1939 in New York, NY U.S.A.

EDUCATION: Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Ph.D. 1967; University of Liverpool, NIH Postdoctorial, Fellow, 1966-67; Horace H. Rackham Postdoc­torial Fellow, Univer­sity of Michigan, 1967-70.

POSITIONS HELD: Assistant Professor, 1970-72, Associate Professor, 1972-76, Professor of Chemistry, University of Lowell 1976-; Chairman, Department of Chemistry, 1975-78, Acting Dean, 1978-80; Dean, College of Pure & Applied Science, 1980-84, Distinguished Research Fellow 1984-; Co-founder and Director, Polymer Technology Corporation, Wilmington, MA 1971-­83; Co-founder and President, Optimers Company, Lowell, MA, 1985-89; Co-founder and Director, Optimers, Inc., Lowell, MA, 1985 - present; Co-founder and Director, Rochal Industries, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1985 - present.

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: Secretary/Treasurer, Pacific Polymer Federation, 1987; Chairman, ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc., 1982; Treasurer, ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry, 1975-79.

HONORS: Distinguished Alumni Award, Polytechnic Institute of New York 1984, Distinguished Service Award, ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry, Medal of Kyoto University.

EDITORIAL BOARDS: of several scientific journals

PUBLICATIONS: 130 scientific articles and several U.S. and foreign patents.

RESEARCH INTERESTS: Synthesis and characterization of new monomers and polymers. Aqueous solution behavior of ionic and hydrophobic polymers. Mechanism of charge-transfer polymerization.

 

Akihiro Abe

Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology

BORN: March 9,1934 in Shimane Prefecture, Japan.

EDUCATION: Graduated from Tokyo University1958; Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, Ph.D. 1963.

POSITIONS HELD: Research Chemist, Showa Denko Company, 1958-1977; Research Associate, Stanford University, 1964-1965; Visiting Scholar, Stanford Univer­sity, 1975; Associate Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technol­ogy, 1977-1981; Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 1981-; Visiting Scholar, Stanford University and IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose, 1982 and 1985.

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: Member, Chemical Society of Japan, 1960; American Chemical Society, 1980; Society of Polymer Science, Japan; 1959; Board of Directors for SPSJ, 1983-; Council Member, Pacific Polymer Federa­tion, 1987-; IUPAC: Cooped Member, 1988-

HONORS: Award of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan, 1977; German-Japan Alexander von Humboldt Prize, 1989.

EDITOR AND EDITORIAL BOARDS: of several scientific journals

RESEARCH INTERESTS: Physical properties of polymers in relation to their spatial configuration.

 

David James Tunstall Hill

Senior Lecturer, University of Queensland

BORN: December 31, 1938 in Manly, Bris­bane, Australia.

EDUCATION: University of Queensland, BSc.1956-58; Honors

Degree (First Class),Physical Chemistry, 1959-1960; University of Queensland, Ph.D. 1965.

POSITIONS HELD: Postdoctoral Fellow, Indiana Univer­sity, Indiana, U.S.A. 1965-1967; University of Queensland, 1967-; Visiting Professor, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA 1975.

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: Member: Royal Australian Chemical Institute, Sigma Xi, New York Academy of Science, University of Queensland Chemical Society.  RACI Queensland Branch Committee Member, 1982-1987; Polymer Group: Committee 1978- Secretary, 1981-1983, Chairman, 1984-1986, Treasurer, 1986-, RACI National Polymer Division Committee Member, 1982-, Secretary, 1986, Chairman Elect, 1987, Chairman, 1988; Pacific Polymer Federation Council, Member, 1988-.

PUBLICATIONS: Over 90 papers or chapters in books.

RESEARCH INTERESTS: Kinetics and mechanisms of polymerization reactions; effects of sequence distribution on polymer properties; radiation degradation of polymers, copolymers and blends; energy transfer in polymers, copolymers and blends.

 

Chung Yup Kim

Director, Korean Institute of Science and Technology

BORN:1937 in Ulsan, Korea

EDUCATION:Seoul National University, B. Eng., 1961, McGill University, Ph.D. 1971.

POSITIONS HELD: Research Scientist, National Industrial Research Institute, 1961-1966; Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Canada, 1970-1973; Professor of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, 1973­1977, 1980-1981; Project Associate, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1977-1979; Principal Research Scientist, 1981-;

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: General Secretary, 1983­-1984, Executive Manager 1985-1986, Member of the Board, 1987-, Society of Polymer Science, Korea; Member, American Chemical Society, 1966-; Member, Society of Polymer Science, Japan, 1982-;

EDITOR: Progress in Chemistry and Chemical Industry, Korean Chemical Society, 1976-

PUBLICATIONS: 30 scientific articles and about 50 reports on research projects

RESEARCH INTERESTS: Electrically conducting poly­mers, polymer blends and interfaces, polymer crystalliza­tion, carbon fibers and their precursors.

 

Martin Navratil

Vice-President R & D, Reichhold Ltd.

BORN: 1945 in Prague, Czechoslovakia

EDUCATION: Technical University Prague, Dipl.  Eng. 1968; McGill Univer­sity Montreal, Canada, Ph.D. 1973.

POSITIONS HELD: Research Chemist, Canadian Techni­cal Tape 1973-1977, Manager; Research and Development, Borden Chemical (Canada) 1977-1985; Technical Director, Reichhold Limited 1985-1986; Vice-President, Research and Development, Reichhold Limited 1986-Present.

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: Vice-Chairman, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Division, Canadian Chemical Society; Canadian Chemical Producers' Association, R&D Committee; Conference Board of Canada, Council for the Management of Innovation and Technology; Chartered Chemist, Ontario Association of Professional Chemists.

PUBLICATIONS:12 scientific articles and 5 patents.

RESEARCH INTERESTS: Thermosetting adhesives, for­maldehyde based polymers, unsaturated polyesters and composites, polymers for coatings.

 

 

Ramlee Karim

Manager, Petroleum Research Institute

BORN: March 18,1945 in Melaka, Malaysia

POSITIONS HELD: Head of Chemistry Department, National University of Malaysia 1972-1975; Process Engineer, Esso Refinery, Malaysia; Project Engineer, Pernas Engineering, Malaysia 1974-1975; General Manager, Asean Chemical Fertilizer 1975-1980; Director/General Manager, Malaysia International Consultants 1980-1982; Plant Manager, National Petroleum Company 1982-1989.

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: Council Member, Pacific Polymer Federation; Council Member, Malaysian lnstitu­tion of Chemical Engineers; Council Member and Fellow, Institution of Engineers, Malaysia; Council Member and Fellow, Malaysian Institute of Chemistry; Member, Advisory Council for Chemical Engineering at University of Technology, National University, MARA Institute of Technology; Fellow, Institution of Chemical Engineers, U.K.; Fellow, Institute of Petroleum, U.K.; Fellow, Institu­tion of Plant Engineers, U.K.; Fellow, British Institute of Management; Registration Chartered Engineer, U.K.II Pro­fessional Engineer, Malaysia; Registered Chemist, Malaysia.

PUBLICATIONS: About 80 technical papers

PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS: Management of plants and refineries

 

FIRST PACIFIC POLYMER CONFERENCE (PPF)-1

The Royal Lahaina Resort Maui, Hawaii, December 12-15, 1989

Symposium Topics: Polymer Synthesis: New Procedures, Synthetic Methods; Polymer Characterization,Characterization Methods, Structure/Property Relationships; High Performance Polymers: Polyimides, PEEK Type Polymers, Fibers, New Materials, Fluorocarbon Polymers and Silicones; Functional Polymers: Polymer Reactions, Polymer Properties; Solutions, Gels, Networks, Electro and Optically Active Polymers, Polymer Liquid Crystals: New Materials and Procedures, Structure/Property Relationships;Theory of Polymer Structures, Bio-Related Polymers: Natural Polymers, New Biomaterials,.Biodegradable Polymers